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Original Article
15 (
1
); 89-93
doi:
10.1016/j.jor.2018.01.029

Assessment of the risk of low bone mineral density in premenopausal Japanese female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

, , , , , , ,
a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo machi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
b Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo machi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
c Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo machi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan

⁎Corresponding author: Yu Mori. yu-mori@med.tohoku.ac.jp

Received: , Accepted: ,
Prof. PK Surendran Memorial Education Foundation
Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Abstract

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between clinical parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) in Japanese female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

A total of female 136 SLE patients without menopause were retrospectively assessed to identify associations between age, disease duration, body mass index (BMI), glucocorticoid usage and disease activity and BMD based on the treatment with or without bisphosphonate. There were 71 patients treated with bisphosphonate (bisphosphonate group) and 65 patients without (non-bisphosphonate group). We evaluated the impact of age, disease duration, BMI, serologic SLE markers, glucocorticoid use on BMD of the anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses of both bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate groups.

Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that in non-bisphosphonate group disease duration was negatively associated with BMD of AP spine and femoral neck, whereas in bisphosphonate group these negative associations were not present. However, multivariate linear regression analyses showed a significant relationship between BMI and BMD of the AP spine, femoral neck and total hip, regardless of bisphosphonate treatment.

Bisphosphonate treatment eliminated the negative relationships between disease duration and the BMD of the spine and hip. AP spine and hip BMD in patients with SLE depend on BMI, regardless of bisphosphonate use. SLE serologic markers and glucocorticoid use were not negatively associated with generalized bone loss. SLE patients with low BMI have a high risk of generalized bone loss, and should be assessed and treated to prevent osteoporosis even before menopause.

Keywords

Osteoporosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Bone mineral density
Body mass index
Bisphosphonate
1

1 Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse inflammation that causes damage to multiple organ systems simultaneously or sequentially.1 SLE primarily affects women of childbearing age and older. Disease control is necessary to prevent irreversible organ damage.2 The primary drugs used to treat SLE include glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants. Long-term glucocorticoid treatment is required to control SLE and can cause steroid-induced osteoporosis, even in young women.3–5 Osteoporosis is a common and important comorbidity associated with collagen diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. A previous study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of low bone mineral density (BMD) in menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.6 Like as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE patients have a high risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures because of various factors, such as glucocorticoid use, biochemical abnormalities and restricted physical activity.7,8 Previous studies have reported that premenopausal SLE patients have increased rates of low vitamin D and low BMD compared with healthy patients.9,10

BMD calculated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is currently the gold-standard imaging method for the assessment of osteoporosis and fracture risk.

There is a strong association between BMD and bone strength, but asymptomatic vertebral fractures can occur in SLE patients without apparent bone loss.11 Some studies on osteoporosis in SLE patients have found significant glucocorticoid-induced bone loss.12–15 However, others have failed to find this association.16,17 The reason for the increased bone fragility of SLE patients is not fully understood.

The aims of this study were to identify associations between BMD (lumbar spine, hip) and the clinical parameters of SLE, such as disease duration, glucocorticoid treatment, disease activity factors and body mass index (BMI) and to find risk factors for low BMD in Japanese premenopausal patients with SLE. We hypothesized that the spine and hip BMD are associated with disease duration and BMI in premenopausal female patients. We also hypothesized that lateral lumbar BMD measurements can allow earlier detection of the bone loss compared with AP spine and hip BMD measurements.

2

2 Materials and methods

2.1

2.1 Patients

This cross-sectional, retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institute. All patients provided written informed consent. The study population included 136 Japanese premenopausal women with SLE. All patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the diagnosis of SLE18 We included patients regardless of their prior use of bisphosphonates. Patients were enrolled at our institution from September 2013 through August 2016. We excluded patients with parathyroid disease, chronic severe renal dysfunction and malabsorption disease, as well as patients who had undergone parathyroid hormone treatment. We also excluded patients who had avascular necrosis of the hip and vertebral fractures caused by high-velocity injuries.

2.2

2.2 Assessment of demographics and SLE disease activity

The following demographic data were recorded: age, disease duration, BMI, current glucocorticoid use, previous history of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment (more than 1 mg/kg) and the use of drugs for osteoporosis treatment. We assessed SLE disease activity by measuring SLE serologic markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) and anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibody. We also assessed renal dysfunction by measuring creatinine (Cr). All assessments were performed at the same time as BMD measurement.

2.3

2.3 Assessment of BMD and radiographs of thoracic and lumbar spine

We measured BMD (g/cm2) on the AP and lateral views of the lumbar spine (vertebrae L2–4) and left hip (total hip and femoral neck) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Discovery DXA system; Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA). We also assessed the relationship between lateral lumbar spine BMD and clinical parameters in these patients. Lateral lumbar spine BMD measurements can be made with acceptable precision19 and have been found to be more sensitive than anterior-posterior (AP) lumbar BMD measurements in detecting bone loss in postmenopausal women.20 All procedures were performed according to the manufacturer’s standardized protocols. All BMD results are expressed as absolute values (g/cm2) and as the number of standard deviations (SD) above or below the mean result of young adults (T score). Thoracolumbar radiographs were obtained in all patients to detect vertebral fractures, including both painful vertebral fractures and asymptomatic morphologic vertebral fractures.

2.4

2.4 Statistical analysis

Comparisons between the bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate groups were performed with the Mann–Whitney U test. To identify associations between BMD (absolute value) and clinical parameters such as age, disease duration, BMI, C3, C4, anti-ds DNA antibody, Cr, current glucocorticoid dose and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment history, we conducted univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses in the bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate groups. We performed stepwise multivariate linear regression analyses to evaluate the significance of the relationship between the clinical parameters and BMD of the AP lumbar spine, lateral lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck to assess which variables influenced clinical outcome. Those variables were analyzed as independent factors with stepwise linear regression. All statistical tests were two-sided; p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed with JMP version 12 (SAS, Cary, NC, USA).

3

3 Results

3.1

3.1 Patient demographics

The study population included 136 premenopausal female patients. The clinical characteristics of these patients, including age, disease duration, BMI, BMD, SLE serologic markers, current glucocorticoid dose, previous history of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment and previous fractures, are shown in Table 1. Lateral lumbar spine BMD was assessed in 84 patients. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of treatment with (n = 71; bisphosphonate group) or without bisphosphonates (n = 65; non-bisphosphonate group). The AP lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in the group not treated with bisphosphonates (Table 2). Ten patients in the bisphosphonate group and four patients in the non-bisphosphonate group had previous vertebral fractures. The bisphosphonate group included patients with a higher risk of fragility fractures compared with the non-bisphosphonate group. In both groups, both the absolute BMD value and the T score of the lateral lumbar spine were much lower than those of the AP spine, total hip and femoral neck. Measurement of lateral spine BMD might allow earlier detection of bone loss than AP spine and hip BMD measurements in patients with SLE. The mean age of patients in this study was 38.8 years. This is younger than patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, so degenerative changes in the lumbar spine were not severe and did not affect lumbar spine BMD. These results suggest that, unlike patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, BMD measurements of the lumbar spine in SLE patients would adequately reflect generalized bone loss.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patient cohort, shown as number (percentage) and mean (standard deviation).
Patient Characteristics Values
Mean age (years) 38.8 (9.6)
Mean disease duration (years) 12.9 (8.7)
Body Mass Index 21.8 (4.3)
Bone mineral Density (g/cm2)
Lumbar spine AP 0.89 (0.12)
T score −1.13 (1.04)
Lumbar spine lateral 0.63 (0.09)
T score −2.15 (1.35)
Total Hip 0.77 (0.12)
T score −1.06 (1.12)
Femoral Neck 0.67 (0.12)
T score −1.12 (1.03)
SLE serological markers
C3 (mg/dl) 85.7 (23.7)
C4 (mg/dl) 17.2 (7.5)
dsDNA 16.9 (27.8)
CRP (mg/dl) 0.23 (0.38)
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.65 (0.21)
Current dose of glucocorticoid (mg) 8.7 (3.2)
High dose glucocorticoid use 85 (63.3)
Previous fracture 14 (10.3)
Table 2 Clinical measurements in bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate groups, shown as mean (standard deviation). Mann–Whitney U tests were used to calculate statistical significance.
Measurement Bisphosphonate group (n = 71) Non-bisphosphonate group (n = 65) p
Age (years) 39.1 (10.5) 38.54 (8.8) 0.58
Disease Duration (years) 12.6 (8.1) 13.2 (9.2) 0.96
Lumbar Spine AP (g/cm2) 0.87 (0.13) 0.92 (0.11) 0.005**
T score −1.23 (1.06) −0.77 (0.98) 0.004**
Lumbar Spine Lateral (g/cm2) 0.62 (0.095) 0.65 (0.089) 0.29
T score −2.31 (1.37) −1.91 (1.31) 0.19
Total Hip (g/cm2) 0.76 (0.13) 0.78 (0.11) 0.34
T score −1.25 (1.12) −0.96 (0.99) 0.17
Femoral Neck (g/cm2) 0.66 (0.13) 0.68 (0.097) 0.31
T score −1.27 (1.11) −0.96 (0.91) 0.16
BMI 21.4 (4.3) 22.2 (4.2) 0.16
C3 (mg/dl) 83.7 (23.5) 88.3 (23.9) 0.21
C4 (mg/dl) 17.3 (7.6) 17.1 (7.3) 0.78
dsDNA (IU/ml) 15.1 (23.5) 19.1 (32.3) 0.23
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.68 (0.25) 0.61 (0.15) 0.14
CRP (mg/dl) 0.21 (0.33) 0.24 (0.43) 0.91
Previous vertebral fracture n = 10 n = 4
** P < 0.01.
3.2

3.2 Associations between BMD and clinical variables in SLE patients

Univariate linear regression analyses of the non-bisphosphonate group showed that age was negatively associated with femoral neck BMD and disease duration was negatively associated with BMD of the AP lumbar spine, lateral lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck. BMI was positively associated with AP spine, total hip and femoral neck BMD (Table 3). Univariate linear regression analyses of the bisphosphonate group showed that there were no negative association of age and disease duration with spine and hip BMD, however BMI was positively associated with BMD of the AP lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck (Table 4). Multivariate linear regression analyses of the non-bisphosphonate group showed that disease duration was negatively associated with AP lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD and BMI was positively associated with total hip and femoral neck BMD (Table 5). Multivariate linear regression analyses of the bisphosphonate group showed that only the BMI was positively associated with AP lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck BMD (Table 6).

Table 3 Univariate linear regression analyses of BMD, shown as the regression coefficient in the non-bisphosphonate group (standard error).
　 Age Disease duration BMI C3 C4 ds DNA Creatinine High dose glucocorticoid Current dose of glucocorticoid
Lumbar spine AP BMD
coefficient −0.00052 −0.0036 0.0061 −0.00045 0.00066 0.00013 0.032 −0.018 0.0016
SEM 0.0015 0.0013 0.0032 0.00062 0.002 0.0004 0.093 0.0043 0.0043
p 0.72 0.008** 0.05* 0.48 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
Lumbar spine lateral BMD
coefficient −0.0029 −0.0034 −0.00038 −0.00066 −0.001 0.0003 0.035 −0.023 −0.001
SEM 0.0017 0.0013 0.0031 0.001 0.0035 0.0006 0.099 0.015 0.0047
p 0.1 0.0018** 0.9 0.5 0.78 0.58 0.73 0.12 0.84
Total Hip BMD
coefficient −0.002 −0.0036 0.012 −0.0007 −0.002 0.00035 −0.094 −0.008 0.0048
SEM 0.0017 0.0015 0.0034 0.0007 0.0024 0.0004 0.12 0.015 0.005
p 0.24 0.02* 0.0007*** 0.33 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.61 0.34
Femoral neck BMD
coefficient −0.0034 −0.0044 0.01 −0.0004 −0.0027 0.0004 −0.12 0.0021 0.0024
SEM 0.0015 0.0013 0.003 0.0007 0.0021 0.0004 0.11 0.012 0.0046
p 0.03* 0.001*** 0.004** 0.56 0.21 0.32 0.26 0.85 0.61
*** P < 0.001.
** P < 0.01.
* P < 0.05.
Table 4 Univariate linear regression analyses of BMD, shown as the regression coefficient in the bisphosphonate group (standard error).
　 Age Disease duration BMI C3 C4 ds DNA Creatinine High dose glucocorticoid Current dose of glucocorticoid
Lumbar spine AP BMD
coefficient −0.0028 0.0002 0.012 0.0013 0.0015 −0.0002 0.021 0.017 −0.008
SEM 0.0015 0.002 0.0036 0.0006 0.002 0.0005 0.069 0.017 0.007
p 0.07 0.95 0.001*** 0.05* 0.47 0.75 0.75 0.92 0.26
Lumbar spine lateral BMD
coefficient 0.0002 −0.0007 0.0026 0.0005 0.0024 0.0002 0.036 −0.007 0.012
SEM 0.0013 0.0017 0.0032 0.0007 0.0018 0.0004 0.05 0.015 0.0082
p 0.88 0.68 0.42 0.45 0.2 0.95 0.48 0.62 0.16
Total Hip BMD
coefficient 0.0006 −0.0035 0.0092 0.00047 −0.00036 0.0007 −0.018 0.025 −0.006
SEM 0.0015 0.0019 0.0037 0.00065 0.0021 0.0007 0.069 0.018 0.007
p 0.7 0.07 0.01** 0.48 0.86 0.32 0.79 0.17 0.38
Femoral neck BMD
coefficient 0.0013 −0.0026 0.0082 0.0003 −0.0006 0.0007 0.0043 0.0046 −0.0085
SEM 0.0015 0.0018 0.0036 0.0006 0.002 0.0007 0.067 0.017 0.0065
p 0.37 0.15 0.03* 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.95 0.79 0.2
*** P < 0.001.
** P < 0.01.
* P < 0.05.
Table 5 Multivariate linear regression analyses of BMD, with age, disease duration, BMI, high-dose glucocorticoid use and current dose of glucocorticoid selected as independent variables. Values shown as regression coefficients in the non-bisphosphonate group (standard error).
　 Age Disease duration BMI High dose glucocorticoid Current dose of glucocorticoid
Lumbar spine AP BMD
coefficient 0.0017 −0.004 0.0048 −0.012 0.0033
SEM 0.0017 0.0016 0.003 0.013 0.004
p 0.32 0.01** 0.12 0.38 0.42
Lumbar spine lateral BMD
coefficient −0.0032 −0.0018 −0.0035 −0.026 −0.0013
SEM 0.0022 0.002 0.003 0.018 0.0045
p 0.16 0.39 0.26 0.15 0.77
Total Hip BMD
coefficient −0.0001 −0.003 0.01 −0.01 0.005
SEM 0.002 0.0017 0.0034 0.015 0.0045
p 0.96 0.1 0.0026** 0.53 0.27
Femoral neck BMD
coefficient −0.0014 −0.0032 0.008 −0.007 0.0025
SEM 0.0018 0.0016 0.003 0.014 0.004
p 0.44 0.05* 0.01** 0.62 0.55
** P < 0.01.
* P < 0.05.
Table 6 Multivariate linear regression analyses of BMD, with age, disease duration, BMI, high-dose glucocorticoid use and current dose of glucocorticoid selected as independent variables, shown as regression coefficients of the bisphosphonate group (standard error).
　 Age Disease duration BMI High dose glucocorticoid Current dose of glucocorticoid
Lumbar spine AP BMD
coefficient −0.003 −0.0012 0.012 −0.0072 −0.01
SEM 0.0015 0.0019 0.003 0.017 0.007
p 0.06 0.54 0.001*** 0.68 0.14
Lumbar spine lateral BMD
coefficient 0.0004 −0.0018 0.0028 −0.02 0.005
SEM 0.0015 0.002 0.0033 0.017 0.011
p 0.81 0.41 0.4 0.27 0.63
Total Hip BMD
coefficient 0.0012 −0.0036 0.009 0.0098 −0.007
SEM 0.0015 0.002 0.004 0.02 0.0068
p 0.45 0.08 0.02* 0.61 0.31
Femoral neck BMD
coefficient 0.0018 −0.0035 0.0083 −0.006 −0.008
SEM 0.0015 0.0019 0.0037 0.019 0.0067
p 0.25 0.09 0.03* 0.75 0.23
*** P < 0.001.
* P < 0.05.
4

4 Discussion

Generalized bone loss in SLE patients is multifactorial, associated with age, postmenopausal status, BMI, disease activity, disease duration and medication side-effects.21,22 A few previous studies have shown that SLE disease activity predicts generalized bone loss. However, some studies have found no apparent association between disease activity parameters and generalized bone loss.23,24 Some previous studies have reported that low body weight, short stature and low BMI were associated with low BMD in patients with SLE.25,26 In this study we hypothesized that BMD was negatively correlated with age, disease duration, C3 and C4 values, dsDNA antibody and creatinine levels, current dose of glucocorticoid and high-dose glucocorticoid usage, and was positively associated with BMI, regardless of bisphosphonate treatment. We also assessed whether lateral lumbar spine BMD allowed earlier detection of osteoporosis and was associated with the same SLE clinical factors as standard AP lumbar spine and hip BMD.

We evaluated the association between BMD and various clinical parameters in 136 female patients with SLE. Disease duration was negatively associated with AP spine BMD and femoral neck BMD in the non-bisphosphonate group. However, in the bisphosphonate group these negative correlations were not present. Bisphosphonate treatment might eliminate negative association between BMD and disease duration. BMI was positively associated with AP spine, total hip and femoral neck BMD, regardless of bisphosphonate treatment. Bone loss in the lumbar spine was more advanced in the bisphosphonate group. However, bisphosphonate treatment erased the negative association between BMD and disease duration and seemed to be an effective treatment for osteoporosis in SLE patients, like as previous reports those indicated the efficacy of bisphosphonate in the treatment of osteoporosis with SLE patients.27–29 A significant positive association between BMI and AP lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck BMD remained, regardless of bisphosphonate treatment. The results of this study indicate that bisphosphonates are effective for the treatment of osteoporosis in premenopausal SLE patients, but that premenopausal SLE patients with low BMI are prone to bone loss, regardless of bisphosphonate treatment. Treatment of osteoporosis should be started in the early phase of bone loss for the prevention of severe bone loss and clinical fractures.

We also assessed the utility of lateral lumbar spine BMD measurement in the detection of bone loss. The discordance in patient classification of osteoporosis using T-scores at different measurement site was reported, the results of these studies indicated that the percent of patients with T score bellow −2.5 was higher at lateral lumbar spine compared with AP spine, total hip and femoral neck.30–32 Lateral lumbar BMD measurements had lower absolute values and T scores than BMD measurements of the AP lumbar spine and hip. Lateral lumbar BMD measurements can reveal bone loss at an early phase without affection of degenerative change. We found no significant negative association between lateral lumbar spine BMD and any clinical variable in the premenopausal SLE patients. Lateral lumbar spine BMD measurement may be useful as an earlier detector of the osteoporosis in the premenopausal SLE patients.

We performed univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses to evaluate the significance of the relationships between BMD and clinical parameters in the bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate groups separately. The treatment effects of bisphosphonates were quite different between short-term and long-term bisphosphonate users and therefore it was not appropriate to analyze the entire patient group when evaluating the associations between BMD and clinical parameters.

The results of present study indicate that bisphosphonates eliminated the negative association between BMD and disease duration and were effective for the treatment of osteoporosis in SLE patients. However, SLE patients with low BMI might need stronger treatment than bisphosphonates to prevent osteoporosis, such as denosumab or parathyroid hormone treatment even before menopause. The efficacy of denosumab in the treatment of generalized bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been reported.33–35 If bisphosphonates are insufficient in the treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with SLE, denosumab or other new therapeutic agents for osteoporosis might be required.

There are several limitations to our study. The size of our patient population was relatively small, and the study was retrospective and cross-sectional in nature. We did not compare clinical data from a premenopausal healthy control group with those of the SLE patient group, we evaluated T-score of premenopausal SLE patients. Neither serum bone turnover markers nor 25-vitamin D were measured in the present study. To fully identify associations between SLE clinical parameters and BMD, further large-scale prospective studies should be performed.

In conclusion, we observed that bisphosphonate treatment eliminated the association between disease duration and BMD of the lumbar spine and hip. However significant positive associations remained between BMI and BMD of the total hip, femoral neck and AP lumbar spine in patients with SLE, regardless of the use of bisphosphonates. The absolute values and T scores for lateral lumbar BMD were lower than those for AP lumbar spine and hip BMD. Low BMI might predict bone loss, even in the comparatively young premenopausal patients with SLE. Clinicians should be aware of these trends, which highlight the importance of prevention and treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with SLE.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

Data collection: YM, KB, AK, TI, MM, TI.

Data analysis: YM, NM.

Writing manuscript: YM, NM, EI.

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